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The Rosetta Stone


On July 19, 1799 in the Egyptian town of Al-Rashid (Rosetta called by Europeans) during Napoleon's campaign in Egypt, a French officer unearthed a tall granite headstone in a little over a meter wide and about 70 cm, which appeared on the shiny side an inscription in three scripts different. Thanks to it, twenty years later, Jean-Francois Champollion was able to decode Egyptian hieroglyphics. The text engraved on the stele is divided into three parts: the upper part, consisting of 14 lines, written in hieroglyphics, the middle 32 lines appear in cursive writing, the demotic, which is the last phase of Egyptian writing, at the bottom 54 lines are drawn in greek, spoken and written language in Egypt since the Hellenistic period. Faced with the impossibility to decipher hieroglyphs and demotic text, both written forms of a dead language (Egyptian), the French scholars devoted themselves to the entry in greek. The translation revealed that it was of a decree promulgated in Memphis on the eighteenth day of the second month of the season of Peret (27 March 196 BC) by the Egyptian priests, gathered there to celebrate the first anniversary of the ascent to the throne of Pharaoh Ptolemy V Epiphanes. The text itself did not provide any information about historically significant, but at the end of the track offered to students that they needed. In fact, ordered the priests who make copies of the text in stone for the most important temples and was recorded both in the Egyptian language, with the "divine words of writing (hieroglyphs), and in the writing of the people (the demotic) both in the Greek language. It was therefore of the same text in three different versions. For scholars this then offered the opportunity to decipher, through a comparison with the Greek version, the two ancient writings hitherto incomprehensible.

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Scientists and communication

Scientists communicate to transfer research results to the productive world and to dialogue with students. Rarely involve the public directly and only on issues of great social attention, such as environment and health. It attests to what a survey conducted by The Alba Astorina Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA-CNR), whose results were presented January 27, 2009 during the day "and communicate Search: theories and good practice in research institutions ", which is held at the CNR Research Area Milano1.

To make an "observatory" were the same institutes of the CNR, which between 2007 and 2008, there were questions concerning the ways and goals of their communication activities. He said 60.5% of institutions. The most common tasks (57%) is aimed at the dissemination of results and dissemination of scientific content, 21% to establish contacts with the productive through technology transfer, 15% is directed to the school. In small proportion (5%) the communication is instead targeted to the direct involvement of the "public" and for the areas of greatest social attention (environment and health). Most of the researchers surveyed believe the communication is "required" (more than 25%), and many consider it "useful" (20%) or "duty", someone believes it is "interesting." Very few consider it "optional" and no "a waste of time." The first subject with which scientists believe is useful to communicate are the world production and directors, both mentioned by about one third of the sample, followed by teachers, students and media. Politicians are the reference points with which it is more difficult to establish a dialogue, while the researchers feel more understood by the public "generic" (which is "easier" to speak).

Another investigation of the same research group dell'Irea-Cnr concentrates on the definition of science communication given by those who, in research institutes, if they are or wish to do so. The factors considered most important are: to communicate scientific and technological solutions of relevance in everyday life (49%), reliable transfer of knowledge (47%) and open a dialogue with various social partners (36%). The data also show the obstacles encountered in communication: 48% of researchers find it difficult to express in clear and simple, while 44% accuses the media of imprecision, the less felt that the public perception of citizens is not prepared to incorporate Themes science (31%). This confirms that it is easier for researchers to communicate with the "average" citizen with that information professionals.

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The problem of global climate change

The earth's climate is changing not only from natural causes, but mainly to anthropogenic causes. This is the conclusion of the 2007 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change), from which we learn how the global increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide is mainly due to the use of fossil fuels and land use changes , whereas increases in methane and nitrous oxide are derived, in particular, agriculture and animal husbandry. The global average surface temperature has increased last century (1906-2005) of 0.74 ° C. Since 1950, every ten years, the temperature had an average increase of 0.13 ° C, assuming a linear trend. Eleven of the twelve years rank among the warmest since 1850, that is, since there are reliable instrumental measurements of the temperature of the earth. Europe has had in the last century, a temperature rise of 0.94 ° C, thus higher than global. The Italian data are consistent with those of Europe: it is estimated about one degree of temperature rise for ever in our country for the last hundred years. So the trend in 100 years of the average atmospheric temperature in Italy is more higher trend su 100 anni della temperatura atmosferica media globale.

Le previsioni relative alle future emissioni di gas serra e le proiezioni dei modelli climatici fanno presumere, per la fine di questo secolo, un riscaldamento compreso tra 1,8 e 4°C rispetto al periodo 1980-1999. È, dunque, probabile un ulteriore aumento della temperatura e dei fenomeni legati ai cambiamenti climatici, quali la variazione del regime delle precipitazioni con un aumento delle intensità di pioggia; l'aumento di fenomeni quali piene in autunno o inverno, la siccità in primavera ed estate, le ondate di calore, gli incendi. Altri cambiamenti riguardano le temperature superficiali dei nostri mari sia costieri sia profondi, che potrebbero lead to an alteration of the system of currents and balances that regulate the production of biological resources and the water cycle. In particular it is expected that these changes will have a major impact on coastal marine ecosystems and the goods and services related to them. The changes in climate and temperature have important impacts on the socio-economic and ecological Italy. It is therefore necessary to be undertaken series of mitigation policies, the effect of which, however, will be felt only in the long term. For this reason it is also necessary to undertake in parallel a serious policy to adapt to global climate change. It must also include a restoration of the functioning of ecosystems natural, both aquatic and terrestrial. In particular, systems such as forests and grasslands are capable of removing large quantities of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere to contribute actively and effectively to the mitigation of global climate change, the moderation of extreme weather events. It is also extremely important to limit the deforestation at the global level: in Italy the only summer fires of 2007 destroyed 113,000 acres, causing an emission of 4.8 million tonnes of carbon dioxide, that correspond to those issues in a year Milan.

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Methuselah

The oldest seed ever germinated is 2000 years old and has been nicknamed "Methuselah" by its discoverers. Was part of a group of seeds of date palm that in the sixties of the twentieth century had been found during excavations at Masada, the ancient Israeli fortress that stood on a plateau near the Dead Sea, Judea in the south-eastern Europe. The seed, planted in January 2005, had begun to sprout after eight weeks. Six months after the seedling had reached a height of 120 cm. Initially, the length of the seed had been established on the basis of the archaeological context of discovery, but now Sarah Sallon of the Hadassah Medical Organization and Markus He, University of Zurich report in an article published in "Science", which radioisotope analysis other two seeds of that group and fragments of shell seme Matusalemme risulta che il seme avrebbe effettivamente 2000 anni, con un intervallo di incertezza di 50 anni. Le analisi genetiche effettuate hanno, inoltre, rivelato che questa antica palma da dattero è profondamente diversa dalle specie moderne. Se la palma si rivelerà essere un esemplare femmina si potrà pensare a un recupero di questa antico tipo di palma.