The history of the National Archaeological Museum of Cagliari began in 1800, when Ludovico Baille Carlo Felice viceroy proposed to create a museum to collect archaeological collections and to preserve the testimonies of Natural History of the island. His project was approved and a room of the Viceregal Palace was intended to the Cabinet of Archaeology and Natural History, under the direction of Leonardo De Prunner. This first collection of antiquities from increased donations from private individuals, was opened to the public in 1802. A few years later, in 1806, Carlo Felice gave to the collection all of its collections and the remarkable increase in items necessitated his transfer to a room of the Museum of Mineralogy. In 1806 he was replaced by Louis De Prunner Baille, but soon switched to the direction of the museum Gaetano Cara. They ruled it until 1858, and to enrich the collections, was also responsible, since 1841, to conduct excavations at the site of Tharros. Only in 1859 was separated from the archaeological to the Natural History and was appointed director Patrick Gennari, then replaced again by Cara in 1862. The Canon Giovanni Spano, founder of Sardinian, donated to the museum in 1859 his large collection. Over the years the collection continued to grow rich through donations and materials from the excavations and chance discoveries of those years. In 1875, Spano was appointed Commissioner to the museum and the ruins of ancient Sardinia. He was succeeded by Philip Vivanet and during his leadership of the rich collections were acquired Timon, Caput, Cara and Cugia medals. In 1883 the historian Ettore Pais compiled the first inventory of the Royal Museum. Two years later the collection was transferred to the Palace Vivanet, in Rome, where he remained until 1904. But now, the museum had grown up and deserves a home of its own: it was created and designed by Dionigi Scano, the Archaeological Museum in Independence Square, Reinvents the building, until the early twentieth century, and housed the mint ' armory. It was Antonio Taramelli, Superintendent of Antiquities of Sardinia from 1901 to 1931, maintain the new exhibition: the museum is divided into rooms devoted to pre-Roman Sardinia, the Punic Sardinia, in the living room where they were collected by categories Punic and Roman objects in the three rooms and finally to the subject: the lapidary, the room-Roman Christian, the medal count. In those years there was an enrichment of the extraordinary number and quality of the exhibits. In the 30s and 40s of the twentieth century alternated several directors: Doro Levi, Pauline Mingazzioni, Salvatore Puglisi, Massimo Pallottino, Raphael Delogu. In 1959 he became superintendent Gennaro Fish, who held the Superintendent and the Museum until 1967, making excavations primarily at Nora and Tharros. The successor to Gennaro Pesce, Ferruccio Barreca, ebbe il delicato compito di indagare i siti di Monte Sirai, Antas, Bithia, Sulci. Il museo fu soggetto a vari riordinamenti, con l'esposizione di contesti preistorici individuati dalle ricerche universitarie e degli oggetti rinvenuti nei nuovi scavi. Alla scomparsa di Barreca, nel 1986, successe Vincenzo Santoni, sotto il quale è avvenuto il trasferimento dalla vecchia sede, ormai insufficiente per spazio e servizi, in quella nuova e prestigiosa della Cittadella dei Musei.
L'idea di realizzare un nuovo Museo Archeologico Nazionale nell'attuale Cittadella dei Musei era nata negli anni Cinquanta del Novecento, con l'intento di creare una struttura culturale polivalente, che accogliesse la sede museale, la Pinacoteca Nazionale, the Department of Archaeological and Historical Art, the Institute of Sardis. The structure, designed by architects Piero Gazzola and Free Cecchini, was inaugurated in 1979 but, since 1986, it was decided to adapt the structure of the new archaeological museum standards for usability and security, until the inauguration in 1993.
The new National Archaeological Museum of Cagliari, where the exhibition was curated by archaeologists Tronchetti Carlo and Luisa Usai, has four floors: the first is devoted to an educational-didactic presentation of the sequence of ancient cultures in Sardinia, starting from Neolithic Age until the Byzantine age, while the other three floors are dedicated all'illustrazione dei diversi settori territoriali, con l'esposizione dei materiali rinvenuti nelle diverse località.
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